Investigating the rising population in UK prisons

Investigating the rising population in UK prisons The prison population in the UK has increased dramatically in recent decades. The number of incarcerated men and women in England and Wales rose over 65% between 1995 and 2009, going from 49,500 to 82,100 (Ministry of Justice, 2009). A comparable increase over a similar time period has also been seen in the USA, the prison population increasing 53% from 1,053,738 in 1994 to 1,613,656 in 2009 (Bureau of Justice Statistics 1995, 2010). In England and Wales this can be partly explained by tougher sentencing for drug-related crimes and violent offences against the person as well as a higher recall rate of offenders to prison due to the breach of their release agreement (Ministry of Justice, 2009); similar trends can be seen in the USA (Hanlon et al, 2007). Increasing prison population means that proportionally more parents go to prison and research has shown that there is a correlation between parental incarceration and negative outcomes for the offspring (Huebner and Gustafson, 2007; Foster and Hagan 2007). There are however no official records on prisoners families in the UK (Murray, 2005) or in the USA (Miller, 2006) and the available data is often unreliable due to the incompleteness and duplication of records (Miller, 2006). Lack of methodologically strong research means that the needs of prisoners families may be neglected, it is important to investigate how imprisonment affects this vulnerable group and which policies could ameliorate their situation (Dallaire, 2007). Incarceration may affect all family members, including parents, siblings and more distant relatives yet the developmental influences are greatest on the children of prisoners and therefore, for the purposes of this essay I define family as a group consisting of two parents and their children living together as a unit (OUD, 2011). I aim in this essay to discuss the effects of imprisonment on prisoners family members during incarceration, first by exploring the current theoretical framework that helps to explain the consequences of parental incarceration and then by investigating the effects of parents imprisonment on children and the wider family, mainly drawing on studies carried out in the USA and the UK. There is an important difference in the observed impact between maternal and paternal imprisonment on the family and I will discuss this before finally identifying the limitations of existing research and suggesting how research could inform policies to help prisoners families. There are three main theoretical frameworks that try to explain the devastating consequences of parental imprisonment on their offspring: strain theory; socialisation and control theory and stigmatisation. Strain theory discusses how the deteriorating situation of family left behind by an imprisonment negatively affects a child. According to strain theory, the imprisonment of a parent may lead to difficulties in the familys financial status, whereby the remaining caretaker has less time and money to spend on the child (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999). Children are forced to grow up faster as they need to take on new roles of responsibility; this may deter them from education and subsequently increase the influence of delinquent peers on their behaviour (Huebner and Gustafson, 2007). Also, as the burden of supporting the family has fallen into the hands of a single person, the imprisonment can cause an already financially and emotionally strained family to suffer further exertion, making the separation from the parent more traumatising than if the same event had occurred in a stable supportive family environment (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999). However, parental incarceration may have a good effect on offspring if the parent was abusive and neglectful (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999). Socialisation and control theory focuses not on the remaining support for the growing child but instead looks at the effects of the absence of the imprisoned parent on the development of the child. According to this second perspective, the incarcerated parent cannot contribute to the family life and may threaten the parent-child attachment, depriving the child from social support, a role model and parental supervision (Huebner and Gustafson, 20007). The remaining caretaker has an increased responsibility over the child (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999) and reduced parental control over the offspring may increase the influence of delinquent peers and increase the likelihood that the offspring will engage in similar behaviour (Sampson and Laub, 1993). On the other hand, it is uncertain how good of a role model the incarcerated parent was in the first place. Finally, the stigmatisation perspective proposes that criminal behaviour leaves a mark on all family members and that parental incarceration may cause feelings of rejection and shame and could result in the social exclusion of the children (Foster and Hagan, 2007). Stigmatisation may also help understand the intergenerational effects of parental imprisonment: once the family is tainted as criminal the children are more likely to receive a biased treatment from the police and increase the likelihood of getting involved in criminal justice system (Huebner and Gustafson, 2007). The aforementioned theories are not mutually exclusive and it should be noted that there is a significant element of self- selection within these frameworks: families with an incarcerated parent versus those without one differ prior to the imprisonment (Foster and Hagan, 2007). The mechanisms that have been put forward to explain why parental incarceration is so influential for childrens criminality include: men and women with criminal backgrounds tend to marry and have offspring; children may imitate parents behaviour; bias of the police and courts; intergenerational criminality; environmental and genetic risks (Farrington, 2002). Thus, the effects of imprisonment may interact with and be confounded by the pre-existing differences between families (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999). Dallaire (2007a) suggests that both contextual and incarceration related factors may affect children whose parent has been imprisoned, making the children whose parents have been imprisoned especially vulnerab le to negative consequences. Contextual influences include poverty and low parental education level, single parenthood, large family size, bad neighbourhood, fragile parental mental health and alcohol and drug abuse (Sameroff et al 1998). Parental incarceration elevates the risk factors related to: the likelihood of the separation of siblings and the placment of children into foster care; the imprisonment of the other parent; as well as the increased likelihood of the involvement of other family members in criminal behaviour (Dallaire, 2007). Contextual risk factors influence childrens educational outcomes and behaviour and when coupled with effects of parental incarceration the previously present problems become amplified, explaining the elevated risks of negative consequences for the children with incarcerated parents (Dallaire, 2007). Although generalisations can be made on how the imprisonment of a parent influences children, the actual consequences vary greatly between individual cases and can broadly be divided into three main categories: direct, mediated and moderating (Murray, 2005). Studies investigating the direct impacts on children emphasise the distress of separation, lack of knowledge about the parent and behavioural problems related to the child identifying with and mimicking the criminal behaviour of the parent (Murray, 2005). Bowlbys attachment theory (1973) explains these outcomes by postulating that parent-child separation negatively affects psychosocial development for children from all age groups, disrupts attachment security and may lead to internalising behaviours like depression and low self-esteem (Emery, 1999). In contrast, Murray and Farrington (2008) argue that it is not separation on its own that causes distress but the nature of separation. Research on children who are separated from a p arent due to illness, death or divorce suggests that while these causes help bring the family together, separation due to incarceration has a different effect because of the humiliation that is associated with it (Fritsch and Burkhead, 1981). Indeed, the longitudinal Cambridge Study of Delinquent Development revealed that young boys who had an incarcerated parent were nearly twice as likely to be incarcerated later in life than boys who were separated from parent for other reasons (Murray and Farrington, 2005). Furthermore, studies focusing on child-parent separation through divorce suggest that childrens problems did not result directly from the separation but rather from aspects related to it, such as conflict between parents, worsened economic situation and tensions in child-parent relationship (Emery, 1999). These could be seen as the mediated effects of parental imprisonment, which although indirectly, strongly affect the level of impact on children. Other indirect influences involve new caretaking arrangements, quality of caretaker-prisoner relationship, changing school and moving to a new home, which all are likely to result in unstable environment for the child (Murray, 2005). Another important aspect is the childrens concerns over the wellbeing of the parent because childrens knowledge about their parent is mediated via the caretaker and many younger children are being lied to or only told half truth about the parents whereabouts, which only adds to their confusion and insecurity ( Poehlmann, 2005). Not all children experience parental separation in the same way and their response to parental imprisonment depends on individual variables and moderating factors. Poehlmanns study (2005) on attachment security in children whose parent had been imprisoned concludes that older children and those who live in an environment with stable caretaking arrangement may be less affected than younger children. Similarly, Hanlon and colleagues (2005) concluded that supportive family environment protects children from destructive outcomes even if their parent was incarcerated substance user. Furthermore, Dallaire (2007b) argues that infants, school-aged children and adolescents face different risks owing to parental imprisonment. She suggests that infants and young children are particularly vulnerable to the direct effects of parental separation due to incarceration, whereas as schoolchildren and adolescents may suffer more from mediating imprisonment effects (Dallaire, 2007b). Moreover, the impac t of parental incarceration depends on the quality of relationship the parent had with the child before the separation. Murray (2005) suggests that the healthier the pre-existing parent-child relationship the harsher the impact of loss on children, whereas the imprisonment of an abusive parent may benefit the child. Factors like intelligence, character, ethnic background and sex may also play a role in how parental imprisonment affects children (Murray, 2005). Thus, individual characteristics and developmental stage of children have a big role in determining the effects of parental incarceration for an individual case. However, perhaps the most important factor could be whether it is the mother or a father who has been imprisoned, which will be explored in the next paragraph. It is difficult to estimate the number of children affected by parental imprisonment with any precision due to a lack of data, however it is natural to assume that a large proportion of the majority male population are fathers. Studies that look at the effects of their incarceration paint quite a pessimistic picture. Findings from a longitudinal study in USA school students reveal that fathers incarceration and poor education level sets in motion accumulation of disadvantages for the offspring, culminating in impoverished educational achievement, reduced political involvement and increased social exclusion (Foster and Hagan, 2007). Additional adversities include socialisation issues owing to fathers absence due to imprisonment and reduced financial support for the child (Foster and Hagan, 2007). Other studies suggest that the absence of biological father, not necessarily due to incarceration, is linked to childrens antisocial behaviour (Pfiffner et al, 2001). Interestingly, the incar ceration of biological fathers is also linked with higher rates of homelessness of daughters, as they may become victims of abuse of the new resident adult male (Foster and Hagan, 2007). Although there are several negative themes, which arise as a result of fathers being imprisoned, the consequences of mothers being incarcerated are far worse and have a greater impact on the lives of their children; there are several reasons for this. First, the increasingly punitive attitude towards crime has increased the length of sentences for women and having dependent children is not considered a special circumstance for a more lenient sentence (Wildeman and Western, 2010). Second, there are fewer prisons for women, which means that they are sent farther away from their family than men, posing further obstacles to children visiting their mother (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999). Third, prior to incarceration the majority of women who commit crimes raise their children without a reliable partner, increasing the likelihood of siblings being separated and children being placed under non-parental care, whereas in case of paternal incarceration, children remain under the care of the moth er who helps to alleviate the stress of separation from father (Miller, 2006). Finally, adult children of incarcerated mothers had 2.5 times higher chances of being incarcerated than those of incarcerated fathers (Dallaire, 2007a). Thus, maternal incarceration seems to have a more severe effect on child-parent attachment and on childrens development than paternal incarceration. Although the majority of the prison population is still men, the female proportion of the population is on the rise (Hanlon et al, 2007; HM Prison Service, 2011a) and so the effects of maternal imprisonment are becoming an urgent matter that affects not only individuals but society as whole, raising the issue of whether mothers should have their parental responsibilities taken into account during sentencing and if a greater emphasis should be made to provide more local imprisonment to reduce the inequality experienced by convicted mothers and their families. In contrast to the evidence already put forward, it is important to note that not all children with parents in prison become criminals and many become fully functioning, law abiding members of society, despite the risks associated with parental imprisonment. Nesmith and Ruhland (2008) interviewed 34 children (the majority of whom were African American boys) who had experienced parental incarceration to hear their side of the story. Opposing the widespread opinion that living in a bad neighbourhood and having criminal family members may somewhat normalise unlawful activity for a child and poor academic performance, most of the children in this study had no difficulties at school and were aware of the negative connotations attached to imprisonment and preferred to keep their parents incarceration private. Children who knew others in their situation found it helpful to discuss their parents imprisonment with these peers, yet the majority did not know anyone with an incarcerated parent. Although the sample of this study may not be representative of children from different ethnicities and gender, it does emphasise the importance of looking at the issue of parental incarceration from different angles. A lot of research on the effects of incarceration on families has relied on the reports of inmates. However, as they are separated from their family they may not give the most accurate account of the adversities suffered by their children and partners. Other flaws include small and unrepresentative sample sizes and the small number of longitudinal studies concerned with this phenomenon. Also, some of the older research may be limited in their value today as the prison population may not reflect the general population, whereas nowadays the two have become more alike (Wildeman and Western, 2010). Parental imprisonment poses difficulties not only for children but also for the new caretakers. They become the intermediaries of the communication, visitation and feelings between the child and the incarcerated parent (Nesmith and Ruhland, 2008). If the caretaker and imprisoned parent do not get along then the children are unable to visit their parent, as individuals under the age of 18 must to be accompanied by an adult during the prison visit (HM Prison Service, 2011b). In case of fathers imprisonment the child will stay with the mother, and suffers less disturbance. Arditti (2003) and co-workers interviewed 56 caretakers visiting the prisoner, most of whom were either a female partners or wife to the inmate. The caretakers felt that it was them who were punished via the imprisonment of the father and expressed concern about their emotional and economic condition. Caretakers became single parents and often had to quit their job to take care of the children, making them dependent o f the welfare system (Arditti et al, 2003). This illuminates the fact that incarceration has unwanted consequences not only for the prisoners family but also for society. When the mother is imprisoned then grandparents are the most likely candidates who will resume care of children (Mumola, 2000). Although this arrangement is more desirable than alternatives, the grandparents who become the caretakers do so unofficially, limiting their access to external assistance and may be under extended financial, psychological and physical strain (Hanlon et al, 2007). Grandparents face issues like depression, poor health and general limitations in daily routine caused by health problems (Fuller-Thomson and Minkler, 2000). In addition, the support systems that help caregivers cope with such demanding responsibility are often limited in eligibility and may be inaccessible to grandmothers because of their fragile health (Hanlon et al, 2007). Grandparents do not receive the same financial help and legal rights as foster parents do and they need to pass the CRB check by the social services to become official caretakers of the children (Collett, 2011). The research on parental incarceration has important implications for public policy. Although research has done well to identify the most common problems of parental incarceration we are yet to learn the effects on groups with particular characteristics and finding willing participants may prove challenging (Miller, 2006). As parental incarceration exerts mainly negative outcomes on families and children, regular contact may alleviate the stress of separation and uncertainty about the parent. Unfortunately, prison visits are not always seen as a justifiable right of the family but rather as something that the prisoner must earn with good behaviour (Brooks-Gordon, 2003). A reduced number of visits is often related to longer distances between home and prison, high costs of travelling, unfriendly visitation rules, and costly phone calls (Murray, 2005). In the UK, a prisoners family may apply for Assisted Prison Visits Scheme, which means that low-income families get some of their travel costs refunded (HM Prison Service, 2011b). In addition, there are lot of online resources for families about support groups, prison visits and procedures, yet not all families may have access to the Internet and some older family members may not know how to find these resources. To help families cope with parental incarceration research proposes different support mechanisms like mentoring, church based services (Hanlon et al, 2007), peer-group support and education on prisons to alleviate the stress of uncertainty (Nesmith and Ruhland, 2008). In conclusion, imprisonment has an impact beyond the sentenced individual, causing grief to all family members. The economic and emotional strain on family often takes a toll on the quality of the relationships within the family left behind and between the incarcerated individual and family. Close family-prisoner ties make an immense contribution to the post-release success of the offender (Visher and Travis, 2003) yet imprisonment breaks down a large number of families, decreasing the stability of home environment for children and increasing the likelihood of re-offence (Wildeman and Western, 2010). Incarceration has the strongest effect on children, diminishing their educational achievement, social capital and outlooks for future. Governments should look more into alternatives to incarceration as increased prison population strips the funding from community services and translates into reduced opportunities for children with imprisoned parents and the disadvantages in their lives m ay lead them to become involved with criminal justice system. Thus, it is important to pay attention to the needs of prisoners families because if they are ignored, their problems will be postponed and manifest in intergenerational patterns of prison population in the future.

Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion

Ethnic Groups are race, ethnicity, religion, and gender. According to University of Phoenix Understanding and Managing Diversity, Section I (2014), â€Å"United States has always been a nation of Immigrants, with a mixture of ethnicities, races, and religions that have not always lived and worked together amicably' Having such a mixture of cultural diversity its surprising how difficult it is to end the Prejudice and Stereotypes. Race Is defined for minorities In two forms obvious differences Like hair ND skin color.Physical defined as prominent body parts like the shape of a nose. According to University of Phoenix Racial and Ethnic Groups, Chi. 1 (2014), â€Å"Society has defined what we flans obvious and physical. Ethnicity, are types of Orleans or distinctive cultural patterns in races† In the united States Hispanics or Latino include Mexican Americans like Puerco Rican and Cubans and known to have Black or White skin color. Religion Includes groups Like the Church of Jes us Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Morons), Jehovah Witnesses, Amiss, Muslims, and Buddhists.The most nominate in the United States are Protestants followed by Roman Catholics. Gender Is simply male and female. I identify the most with the African American culture. I grew up in a very diverse neighborhood dominated by African Americans, Hispanic, and white. I lived In my neighborhood until I was 16 and to this day still have a strong bond with my childhood friends. We have gone through school together, gotten married together, and now we are having kids together. I feel very fortunate to be part of such a diverse social circle. I find myself favoring the minority group because this is what is familiar o me.I believe this can make me sort of prejudice to outsiders that may not identify with my social circle. Our commonality was our parents were on a fixed budget, we weren't able to vacation, and we were used to second hand clothes and material items like bikes. We all understood whe re we came from and we also knew we were all cool kids. We created a sentimental bond that to this day Is very obvious when you see us together. Some people notice a black man and white women and some people see two friends deeply connected. Diversity is defined by the various differences that exist among people.If a workplace employed 100 white women they are still diverse in age, educational experience and religious background. I believe society might not think 100 white women are diverse. Organizations seem to hire employees of other races to give the observation they are diverse when they are already are. Inclusion is an approach that makes each employee feel welcome and a part of the team. Organizations may seem diverse by meeting the racial quota but that doesn't mean the organization is an inclusive work environment. â€Å"In the workplace, organizations are shifting their views on diversity and Inclusion.Whereas 30 years ago, promoting women and minorities was the focus, to day's message is positive and reflective. Many corporations ask internally, does every employee In our organization feel valued† (â€Å"What Is the Difference toy 2 mission of if an employee isn't happy he or she won't be creative and productive. My organizations goal is to make employees happy to get a Job well done. According to University of Phoenix Understanding and Managing Diversity, Section I (2014), â€Å"Diversity is about business and the bottom line and about leveraging the skills and talents of all employees to enable the organization to compete.Diversity is not about reaching quotas and hiring unqualified minorities for the sake of having diversity' As the times change so should the direction of the training to be successful. A good example of change was the passing of Equal Pay Act (1963) that males and females are paid the same wage for Jobs of equal skill and responsibility. It is challenging to create a workplace the supports proactive behavior and train emp loyees to believe the story that supports the behavior. Employees want to feel they make a contribution to the organizational goal and not Just tolerated.This has even employees in the 21st century the ability to choose their Jobs versus decades ago where minorities and women that may not have had a choice. My director thinks that men are more logical than women who tend to be more emotional. She manages me a woman and another coworker who is male. He tends to lack in his responsibilities and when he does not participate whole in our group projects I am very tactful at sharing his approach. My director has mentioned that women tend to hold grudges and can't let things roll of their backs like men do.She feels I am being negative towards my coworker but I only give feedback based on acts not assumptions. What she doesn't realize because of her personal beliefs s continues to make poor business decisions based her emotions versus the facts. It is very frustrating to work alongside a p erson who doesn't give an honest work day. She has mentioned because my coworker comes from a good family (money) and had a college education he is worth the investment. I find this very prejudice behavior and have learned to use these types of experiences as a tool to better my managing skills so hopefully I move up in the organization. Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion What are the dimensions of cultural diversity? Identify and briefly explain the dimensions by referencing both textbooks. There are primary and secondary dimensions of cultural diversity. The primary dimensions are the ones that are the thought of most when thinking about diversity. These are things that describe an individual’s identity. The things included here are things such as age, gender, race, etc. If you are reflecting on the many ways your employees can vary (by race, gender, age, education, sexual orientation, geographic origin or employment, tenure), that’s a mixture whose components are people, individuals categorized along multiple dimensions† (Harvey & Allard, 2009 P. 12). The secondary dimensions are functions or organizational units. â€Å"One may argue that functions are composed of individuals, which is true, but the general manager of multiple functions does not experience this as a mixture of people but rather as a mixture of organizational units† (Harvey & Allard, 2009 P. 2). Some dimensions of cultural diversity are east to recognize, while other are not. We all should be very open to the meaning of diversity, and be looking for and sensitive to the differences in each other. With what ethnic, cultural, or other groups do you identify? Describe what members of your social circle have in common. Although I only have a small percentage (3/8th’s) of Cherokee Indian in me, I would say that it is the ethnic group that I identify with the most. The history, religion, and way of life of the Native Americans have always fascinated me. Native Americans are very proud people. They are also very connected with nature, and enjoy living off of the land. While there are many Indian reservations now that are very modern there are still many who stay true to their roots, and still live their lives as closely to the ways of their ancestors as possible. I feel that these roots are very strong and just having a trace if Native American blood in you is enough to keep your love of nature and enjoyment from being in the wild strong. Regardless of the way current Native Americans live, the simple fact that this blood if flowing through their veins is something that all Native Americans are proud of, even ones like me who just have a small amount. What is the difference between diversity and inclusion? Diversity and inclusion are very closely related. Diversity represents having people of different races, genders, ages, disabilities, sexual orientation, color, native origins, religions, etc. together in a group. You can see diversity in just about every place you go. Think about flying on a commercial airplane. You will most likely have a very diverse group of people flying with you. Just having a diverse group does not mean that all people in the group are treated equally, or valued for their abilities, and unique qualities. This is what inclusion is. So in the same example of flying on that commercial airplane, you would see inclusion in the treatment received by all persons on the plane from the flight attendants. You could very well see the lack of inclusion from some of the passengers on the plane as well. So the difference is that diversity is just having a group of different types of people together, and inclusion is the equal treatment and respect of each individual in the group. What is the importance of workplace diversity training? Workplace diversity training is extremely important. With the rising number of minorities in the workplace it is almost guaranteed that you will be working in a diverse group of people. Not being properly educated on diversity, and how to effectively work in these diverse groups can be very detrimental to your own career success, as well and your co-workers and employers success. Communication is essential in all work environments, and poor communication between people in a diverse group is the biggest cause of conflict. Not being properly educated and careful in word choice could possibly result in coming across as insensitive, rude, or hateful to a co-worker. This miscommunication will more than likely create conflict and animosity between the people or groups of people involved, which will affect their job performance and may end in disciplinary action up to possible loss of employment. The point of diversity training is to prevent this type of miscommunication from happening, and keeping all employees happy, and working well together. What is your experience with workplace culture? Could there be, or could there have been, more inclusion? When I was working as a Service and Parts Director in a large automobile dealership I had a couple of employees who were from Africa, and were devout Muslims. As part of their religion they would lay down rugs on the floor and pray to their God several times a day. This act of faith upset many of the other employees and caused animosity between them. This had been going on before I started working there, and when I took the department over I realized that this was a major problem that I had to correct. I realized that both groups of employees were very talented and important and that not only did I need all of them, but I also needed them to get along and work together. Through mentoring, and diversity training I was able to open the minds of the employees who disliked the Muslim faith. Within a month of starting this mentoring and training both groups started working well together and even became good friends. Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion SOC/315 October 10, 2011 Michelle Curtain Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion What are the dimensions of cultural diversity? Identify and briefly explain the dimensions by referencing both textbooks. Diversity can be defined as â€Å"the ways in which people differ that may affect their organizational experience in terms of performance, motivation, communication, and inclusion† (Harvey/Allard, 2009). These differences and similarities are broken-down into two dimensions. Primary dimensions are considered to be more fixed, visible, and relevant to an individual’s identity. Secondary dimensions are considered to be more fluid, and less central to one’s social identity† (Harvey/Allard, 2009). Primary dimensions of cultural diversity can include age, mental/physical abilities, ethnic heritage, gender, sexual orientation, and race. Secondary dimensions of cultural diversity can comprise of one’s geographic locatio n, family status, income, religion, and language among many other characteristics. Secondary dimensions are determined more by choice and are less visible.Another dimension is indentifying people and placing them into minority groups based on race, ethnicity, religion, and gender. â€Å"A minority group is a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group. A subordinate group is characterized by â€Å"unequal treatment, distinguishing physical or cultural traits, involuntary membership, awareness of subordination, and in-group marriage† (Schaefer, 2011). With what ethnic, cultural, or other groups do you identify? Describe what members of your social circle have in common.To describe myself I am a white, 35 year old male. This is a very large group I fallen into, however even with these similarities I have with other members one may see myself not part of this group based on my differences. I believe due to my background of growing up in West Virginia, I associate more often with people from the same area of that country. A large portion of my friends I met in Arizona are from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. We seem to all share the same perspectives on life and feel as if we have known each all of our life due to sharing the same culture.I would also describe myself as indentifying with people that share the same taste in music as I. A description often heard is a â€Å"head†, as in Deadhead or Phishhead, for people that like the music from bands such as the Grateful Dead or Phish. The majority of the people that listen to this genre of music religiously follow the bands to numerous cities across the country to see multiple shows. What is the difference between diversity and inclusion? Diversity represents groups of people containing different characteristics such as skin color/race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, and citizenship.How ever, inclusion allows people to be included in these groups so one can be valued based on one’s skills, distinctive traits, and point of view. â€Å"Leveraging diversity requires a culture of inclusion to support it† (Harvey/Allard, 2009). Inclusion ensures people can work as a team and be themselves. By doing so, everyone works well with one another and can see the benefit of having different characteristics on the team. â€Å"Inclusion is engaging the uniqueness of the talents, beliefs, backgrounds, capabilities, and ways of living of individuals and groups when joined in a common endeavor† (Institute for Inclusion, 2010).While being diverse is important to everyone, the available benefits are not automatically seen until inclusion is put into play. Diversity and inclusion when combined can result in more effective decision making and greater innovation by everyone involved. What is the importance of workplace diversity training? Workplace diversity training is vital for any business in order to become and continue to be successful. A business can receive priceless benefits by incorporating diversity training in the workplace. Such benefits include retaining more quality employees, a decrease in workplace incidences and increased team and individual morale.These benefits can be achieved by teaching employees how to identify and resolve issues regarding stereotyping in the workplace before it can get out of hand. Communication and listening are important factors as well and without them, one could see an increase with workplace issues such as discrimination or harassment lawsuits. Workplace diversity training allows one to be them self and be accepted in order to build strong, long lasting working relationships so everyone can benefit. By continuing workplace diversity training a business will ensure their employees will maintain growth and increase production.Also, by having this ongoing training the business can ensure all new employee s will work well with current employees. What is your experience with workplace culture? Could there be, or could there have been, more inclusion? â€Å"Culture is the environment that surrounds you at work all of the time. Culture is a powerful element that shapes your work enjoyment, your work relationships, and your work processes† (Heathfield, 2011). My company makes is a priority to have a good workplace culture throughout the entire business. My workplace culture is very diverse by having a wide variety of people from different backgrounds.Very few people that work for the company are actually from Arizona. By having this diverse culture within the workplace, the employees are able to share their experiences in order to better themselves and the organization. These differences also enable the company to relate to customers with same backgrounds as the employees. When that connection is made, the employee can relate to the customer’s needs or desires by relating p ast experiences to understand where one is coming from. I believe my workplace culture uses inclusion very often and reasonably well. As employees, we are all divided up into teams.Each team member learns from one another by seeing other’s point of view in a way that was never seen before. Reference Harvey, C. P. , and Allard, M. J. (2009). Understanding and managing diversity (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Heathfield, S. (2011). Culture: Your Environment for People at Work. Retrieved from http://humanresources. about. com/od/organizationalculture/a/culture. htm Institute for Inclusion. (2010). Implementing Inclusion. Retrieved from http://www. instituteforinclusion. org/ Schaefer, R. T. (2011). Racial and ethnic groups (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson

History Of Administrator Evaluation Instruments The...

Comparison of Administrator Evaluation Instruments The Michigan Council for Educator Effectiveness (MCEE) recommended administrator (Principal) evaluation instrument and the Marzano Principal Evaluation Instrument have several similarities. Principally, they both seek to ascertain the competence of instructors to ensure excellent performance among learners. In addition, they both have one of their key objectives that an evaluation of principals on a strong foundation guided by current research. The instruments also seek to enhance education through strengthening teaching methods. In addition, both seek to support student with the best possible chance of success. They also aim to facilitate ongoing professional learning and personal development of current and future school principals within the evaluation model. The systems also employ a continuous improvement paradigm, where teachers learn from their experiences and mistakes in order to improve their subsequent practices and teaching methods. They favor positive reinforcement through ongoing data gathering efforts from the evaluators and issuance of feedback from the concerned administrators. Both MCEE and the Marzano Principal Evaluation Instrument integrated frameworks of teacher and leader evaluation instrument to meet student learning. Also, they focus on the importance of having fair, accurate, reliable, and feasible evaluation tools of school leaders. Apparently, the designers of both evaluation techniques see thatShow MoreRelatedpreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pages Intentionally engaging children in play supports the learning and development that is described in the preschool learning foundations. 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None - 807 Words

Week 1 HR talk HR case assignment HR Talk Question: As a marketing manager you have recently turned down Nancy Conrad for a position as sales supervisor. Nancy believes the denial was due to her gender and she has filed sex discrimination charges with the EEOC. Explain the steps the EEOC will use to process the charge; include Nancys options during the process. Post 1 Since Ms. Conrad believes that I have turned her down for the position as sales supervisor due her gender, she has decided to fill discrimination charges to the EEOC. The EEOC is Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The steps to follow are first, Ms. Conrad should file a discrimination complaint or a charge form with the EEOC with 180 days of the alleged incident.†¦show more content†¦Conrad only has 90 days to file. Now, if the EEOC finds â€Å"reasonable cause† then the commission with try to settle with both parties. There are there things that can happen one that the settlement can be successful and that would be the end of that or that it is unsuccessful and the EEOC files a sue which would end in the Federal District Court. The EEOC only has 180 days to file. Word Count: 374 Reference Snell, S., amp; Bohlander, G. (2013). Chapter 3: Equal Employment Opportunity and Human Resources Management. In Managing human resources (16th ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Wester Post 2 Hello Ildanikie, Your explanation of the process is well written but I believe that you are missing key points. Some key points you are missing are that Ms. Conrad has 180 days to file after the day of the alleged occurrence. She also has the option of filing a discrimination complaint or a charge form all within that time frame. After one of those documents are submitted there are three things that can happen one the EEOC can determine to dismiss the charges and Ms. Conrad has the option to sue on her own, b but she has 90 days to do so. Another option is that the EEOC can perform an investigation and that would be a longer process. Or finally, they can make a settlement. If you go to page 124 on our HR book you can see a graph that explains the whole process as well asShow MoreRelatedand then there were none1421 Words   |  6 Pages1. Discuss the role of the poem â€Å"Ten Little Indians† in And Then There Were None. Why does the murderer choose to follow the poem so closely? What eff ect does this have on the characters A: The â€Å"Ten Little Indians† rhyme guides the progression of the novel. The singsong, childish verses tell the story of the deaths of ten Indian boys and end with the line that gives the novel its title: â€Å"and then there were none.† A framed copy of the rhyme hangs in every bedroom, and ten small Indian figures sitRead MoreAnd Then There Were None by Agatha Christie1182 Words   |  5 PagesAnd Then There Were None by Agatha Christie nbsp;And Then There Were None, is an intriguing murder mystery novel that follows the lines of a poem called Ten Little Indians.nbsp; The story is intricately written to keep the reader in absolute suspense from the beginning to end. The novel involves eight people being mysteriously invited to spend a summer holiday on Indian Island.nbsp; Among the eight are a judge (Justice John Wargrave), doctor (Edward James Armstrong), military generalRead More And Then There Were None Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;And Then There Were None, written by Agatha Christie is a thrilling tale of ten people invited to a remote island by an unseen figure who never appears throughout the story. All those who were invited have pasts that they are hiding and many things to fear. The guests are cast upon Indian Island, an island off the coast of England around the 1930s. Strangers to each other, slowly they reveal their shameful pasts. Coincidently, the name which they were invited by, MrRead MoreCharacterization in and Then There Were None798 Words   |  4 PagesKatherine Quimbayo Set 6 September 16, 2010 Characterization in And Than There Were None Agatha Christie uses characterization to show the evil side of human nature, in her mystery novel And Then There Were None, through three important characters, which include Vera Claythorne, Philip Lombard, and Justice Wargrave. Christie shows characterization through Vera by making her a Dynamic character. Vera changes through the course of the work by influence of the life threatening situation thatRead MoreAnd Then There Were None by Agatha Christie750 Words   |  3 PagesAgatha Christies riveting novel, And Then There Were None, is one that has suspense all the way to the very end. Eight strangers are invited to Indian Island, off the English coast. Their names are Dr. Armstrong, Vera Claythorne, Philip Lombard, William Blore, Emily Brent, General Macarthur, Tony Marston, and Judge Wargrave. All think they are meeting someone different for different reasons. When they arrive on the island though, they are greeted by Mr. and Mrs. Rogers, who are servants for theRead MoreEssay And Then There Were None by Christie Agatha1625 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The little china figure fell from her hand. It rolled unneeded and broke against the fender† (Christie 268). She also thought that’s what Hugo wanted her to because she was responsible for his nephew death. The antagonist of And Then There Were None is Judge Justice Wargrave. He was also known as Issac Morris to hide his real identity from all the other characters. He was the judge of all of the characters cases and he found them guilty and thought it was right for them to die. He knew almostRead MoreIrony In And Then There Were None By Agatha Christie1174 Words   |  5 PagesThen There Were None, the mystery novel by Agatha Christie, exemplifies two of the three types of irony. Situational irony and dramatic irony are evident throughout the novel, and despite the fact that sarcasm and verbal irony are closely linked with each other, neither is found in this novel. General Macarthur’s death, William Blore’s death, Emily Brent’s death, Vera Claythorne’s amusement, and the alias of U.N. Owen all are instances of irony in the novel. And Then There Were None corroboratesRead MoreThe Novel And Then There Were None By Agatha Christie839 Words   |  4 Pages The novel And Then There Were None was written by Agatha Christie and was published in 1939. The mystery novel is about how ten people are trapped on an island with a murderer. Agatha Christie’s novel for tales a story, that dreadful will always be paid for their crimes. The setting of the novel takes place on Indian Island, a fictional island near the coast of England. The time in the novel is during 1930s. The characters are Justice Wargrave, Vera Claythorne, Philip Lombard, Emily Brent, GeneralRead MoreAnd Then There Were None by Agatha Christie Essay683 Words   |  3 PagesImagine knowing how you would die. Paranoia? Schizophrenia? Insomnia? All of these feelings would set in as you sat waiting to be the next victim. Ten Little Indians, published as And Then There Were None when it dà ©buted in America, brought a wonderful sense of mystery into the life of the American. Written by Agatha Christie, it was published in 1939 as a fiction murder mystery. The story is set on an island off the coast of Devon, England during the thirties. Ten Little Indians is a classic murderRead MoreAnaylsis of And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesThe book that I read was called â€Å"And Then There Were None† by Agatha Christie. This version of the book was published in 2001, originally published as Ten Little Niggers. This book takes place along the time of World War II on a dreary island that no one knows where it is. Ten people were invited to this island off of the coast of England for one soul purpose. They were morally guilty of the death of someone to which they had gotten away with. The main idea of this book is that things do come back

Sociological Movie Review Boy in the Striped Pajamas

Sociological Movie Review The movie that I watched that has many references to our introduction to sociology course is The Boy In the Striped Pajamas. The Boy In the Striped Pajamas is about a little 8 year old boy named Bruno who must move to the country side with his family because his father who is a General in the Nazi military becomes assigned command of a Jewish concentration camp. The house that the family moves into is close to the concentration camp; Bruno can see the camp from his bedroom window in the distance. Bruno does not realize it is a concentration camp, he believes it is a farm. He sees a little boy sitting down at the camp and asks his mother if he may play with the boy in the striped pajamas. Of course his mother†¦show more content†¦The German Military is also a social category; which is groups of people that have something in common. The German Military all believed in doing their job and what they were told to do. They were trained to follow ord ers and not ask questions; which is what the father did. When confronted by his wife about the job he was assigned to do, he said, â€Å"I was sworn to secrecy and took an oath to work for my country.† The culture of the German Military in this movie was that all the soldiers were clean cut, shaven, always in the Nazi uniform, and always followed the commands given by their superiors. Gender issues were also prevalent in this movie. In the beginning of the movie Bruno is playing with his friends before moving to the country. They are playing soldier and pretending to shoot and kill each other, while his sister Gretel was playing with her dolls. Mom is seen coming home from a shopping trip with some packages. Gender roles are â€Å"patterns of attitude and behavior that a society expects of its members because they are female or male† (Thio, 224). Throughout the movie gender roles are seen as the mom stays home and takes care of the children while the dad is worki ng. As well Gretel the sister is always portrayed as sweet while Bruno is portrayed as an adventurous boy who likes soldiers. Men are also portrayed as strong, while the women in the movie are portrayed as weak. Racial and ethnic diversity is a

Immigration in the Workplace Free Essays

Over than 10 million illegal immigrants live in the United States, and 1,400 more arrive every day (Katel). Seeing the great economic opportunity in the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now immigrants cross the border to work low wage jobs and begin a new life. While illegal immigrants only take up a small 5 percent of the United states workforce, these illegal aliens take up American jobs, threaten national security, and ruin culture because the refuse to assimilate (Katel).Many agree in this debate that the presence of so many immigrants actually boost our economy. Illegal immigration raises difficult questions about the American economy and how the country continues to seek low wage labor while at the same time providing opportunities for its citizens. The United States government should pass a law penalizing the corporate Americans and homeowners alike for hiring illegal immigrants. This bill will give less incentive for illegal aliens to penetrate the U. S. border and will help control the immigration population.In 2005 there were 21. 7 million legal immigrants and 10. 3 million illegal immigrants in the United States (Katel). The number may seem low for illegal immigrants but the facts show that sense 2005 the number of illegal immigrants has grown. The United States government grants over 1 million immigrants citizenship a year. This means that the U. S. government is allowing immigrants to come to America legally. When immigrants get desperate, they enter the country illegally. Illegal immigrants enter not because there is no proper way to become a U. S. itizen but because the legalization process is long, it costs money to the individual, requires them to take a history test about the United States, and is the harder way to gain access to the United States of America. Since the early 2000’s the United States has seen a growth of illegal immigrant far beyond the â€Å"traditional gatekeeper states† such as Texas and California (Greenblatt). The concern is that too many of these illegal immigrants are taking thousands if not hundreds of thousands of jobs away from legal citizens, as well as costing tax payers more and more money to pay for things like education, hospital bills, and welfare.The government is now considering whether or not to spend millions of dollars so that traffic signs can have Spanish and English on them. With the growing luxury of not even having to learn English, many illegal immigrants are finding it easier and easier to live in the United States. Something needs to be done to slow and eventually stop what could one day be a threat to national security. In order to fight illegal immigration, society must first see what drives immigrants to flock to the United States. To start off illegal immigration has become a prominent part of corporate America. Sense the U. S. conomy has been on a roller coaster sense the early two thousands; Illegal immigrants have found more and more opportunities in the corporate world. In fact, â€Å"20 per cent of farming occupations, 17 per cent of cleaning occupations, 12 per cent of construction and 11 percent of food preparation occupations are held by undocumented workers† (Wagner). While things like â€Å"being a dry-waller, brick-layer, house framer, painter, roofer, carpet layer, plumber, or electrician was a decently compensated, middle class trade,† it has now become â€Å"the work for illegal aliens at far less than the free market rate† (Wagner).The middle class seems to be less and less prevalent as illegal aliens over take their jobs. Now Corporate America is becoming greedy by continuing to hire illegal aliens for cheaper labor. And with cheaper labor it gives them more money in their pocket. It can be clearly seen that the relationship between employer and immigrant is one of great reward for both parties. With this type of guarantee that immigrants will find jobs in America it is no wonder why they have no incentive to stay home. Corporate America shows no signs of stopping the hiring illegal immigrants.As Alan Greenblatt put it: â€Å"the idea that employers could be persuaded not to hire illegal immigrants is a fairy tale† (Greenblatt). With no penalty in place large business and even small home owners have no reason to not hire cheap labor through illegal immigrants. A big part of the argument that the corporations have is that some Americans will not want to do the more blue-collar work that the majority of the illegal immigrants do. This is true to some extent. But when an American man or American woman is hungry and jobless, they will wish that they had that job.The United States has an unemployment rate of 9. 8% (Recession). Also, this great country has over 310,000,000 Americans living in her borders (Census). That means that 30 million Americans are jobless. The illegal immigrants represent 5% of the workforce and have jobs that those 30 million Americans do not have (Katel). If the economy is ever going to improve, then the unemployment rate will need to go down. This means that those employers hiring those illegal immigrants will have to stop hiring illegal immigrants and hire U. S. citizens.Another major concern for native born Americans is the constant reshaping of American culture to fit in with the immigrant’s culture. For example many parts of Texas and California have become both Spanish and English speaking towns. Schools now require multiple years of foreign language and many companies would like for their employers to be bi-lingual. While this helps broaden our horizon as a society it allows for a more easy transition into our nation for illegal aliens. Problems like these continue to arise daily between native born Americans and illegal immigrants building more and more tension in U.S. citizens. But with an economy that is 20 times better than the one many illegal aliens come from, there is again no incentive for them to stay home. It is the little things that are allowing immigrants to take hold and start a new life in America. Now the opposing view might say that all they want is a better life for their family and what better country to do that in then America. The problem to this is that there is a right and legal way to become a U. S. citizen but too many are too impatient or poor to take this step.While it is understandable why so many immigrants are crossing our borders each day it is an issue that needs to be dealt with through government regulations. Unfortunately the facts show that the United States Government has not done much to stop this issue. To many it seems like the government is playing this issue safe by avoiding it at all cost. But when asked why the government has not made a great effort to stop the hiring of illegal immigrants on National Public Radio, Senator Kennedy replied the United States of America needs â€Å"To be energized we need new workers, younger workers, who are going to be a part of the whole economy.We don’t have them here in the United States† (Greenblatt). Senator Kennedy along with others feel that the standard view of the average American is to have an illegal immigrant to do the work for them. Today we see homeowners hiring someone of a different nationality to do yard work and other things around the house for them. In a sense Kennedy was right. Illegal immigrants have the energy and the want to do the low level, low wage jobs that others refuse to do. The ultimate problem with illegal immigration seems to be laziness followed closely by a drive for success with the use of cheap labor. After seeing the reason for the increase of illegal immigrants, many question if they are a detriment to society at all. If principle doesn’t force you to think that the hiring of illegal immigrants should stop then the effect they have on our economy should. Illegal immigration brings a negative impact on government spending. Illegal aliens do not pay taxes yet they still use U. S. schools hospitals and public facilities. All of these things are paid for by hard working legal Americans. The illegal immigrant group seems to take from the system without ever giving back.It is the local governments though, that are hurting the most. For example, when a small town has more illegal immigrants going to school than legal residents the school is well underfunded and lacks the resources it needs to function. In the state of Texas, the state requires the richer school districts to pay a portion of their money to the poorer districts. In 2004, 134 school districts paid over 1. 2 billion dollars to the other districts (Brief History). Not every district that received money is solely comprised of illegal immigrants, but Texas has one of the largest amounts of illegal immigrants. These districts, must take tax dollars to support the poverty built by the number of illegal immigrants living off U. S. money and those who cannot find jobs over these illegal aliens. This incoming wave of immigration has increased the â€Å"load on the welfare systems as there are fewer working poor and more welfare recipients† (Wagner). This goes to show that illegal immigration affects the nation’s economy in multiple ways. First, they compete for jobs with legal citizens. This then causes legal citizens to lose jobs and adds to the increasing poverty. While immigrants make up a hefty size of our low wage work force. It all comes back to a break down in public policy. If the government could regulate the amount of illegal immigrants in the country already, it would be a stepping stone to solving a much bigger problem. But with so many illegal aliens already in the country it is seemingly impossible to deport a large number of illegal citizens without causing a political uprising. While it may not be evident in the national economy, illegal immigrants effect the smaller local governments.This is why the national government must create a set of laws to help enforce the deportation of illegal immigrants whether it is forceful or not. The United States government needs to pass a law that will penalize business and home owners alike for hiring illegal immigrants. Last year the U. S. government only handed out 9,317 dollars in fines to businesses that hired illegal immigrants (Jordan). This statistic is unacceptable and disturbing. Whether one agrees that illegal aliens affect our nation positively or negatively everyone must agree that there is some principle in deporting those who are illegal.If we don’t deport them then we must cut them off from what they are here for.. . work. So, if the rich man in a suit gets scared away from hiring an undocumented worker then the illegal immigrants will find it harder and harder to live in the U. S. profitably. This law should include homeowners hiring undocumented workers to do jobs around the house for cash. This kind of business is happening everywhere and needs to be stopped. Now, there is the problem of crossing the line in this and being racist towards those who are true American citizens.The government can’t just go up to every person that looks like they are illegal and ask to see their papers like the latest law in Arizona. So to solve this problem I feel as if our law enforcement agencies should handle each situation with care and when they have probable cause they can take action. This is just one solution to a problem so vast that it may never really see an end. In conclusion, illegal immigration is a very very complicated issue. Even when it is broken down into one area like this there are still so many parts to it.Illegal immigration is now fueled by America’s laziness and the government’s predisposition to please the masses. Because of these two things illegal immigration has been a steady incline since the early 2000’s and has no signs of stopping. In order to fix the illegal immigration problem there will have to be drastic measures that will not please both sides of the argument. If the government passes a law putting large fines on those who hire illegal immigrants the government will have forced many undocumented immigrants out of the country without even touching them. How to cite Immigration in the Workplace, Papers

Business Commercialization Variety of Products

Question: Discuss about the Business Commercialization for Variety of Products. Answer: Introduction Dyesol Limited is based in Australia and is engaged in the commercialization of solar cells that caters through a variety of products, as well as services that includes materials, consulting, RD, training, manufacturing, etc. The performance of the company happens in three major steps that is the development of the partner and customer business, development of the glass application and engineering of the equipment. The main operation of the RD business unit is to consider and research on the dry solar cell material and enhancement of the generic that is provided to variety of DC product forms. The main operations of the company are in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America (Dyesol Ltd, 2016). The operation of the company and having a global presence has helped the company to enhance its reach and availability A. Statement of Financial position Total Current Assets Total Current Assets Current assets 2015 2014 Cash and cash equivalents 54,02,909 51,78,902 Term deposits - 22,00,000 Trade and other receivables 36,48,014 30,28,561 Inventories 7,31,355 6,79,879 Other current assets 4,04,696 6,56,488 101,86,974 117,43,830 The total current assets declined and this is due to the maturity of the term deposits, decline in inventories. Going by the figures it is clear that there has been a decline of 3 percent. This will not affect the liquidity of the company because the current liabilities have declined simultaneously (Albrecht et.al 2011). Hence, it can be said that there has been a slight decline and will not affect the status of the company. Total non-current assets Total non-current assets Non-current assets 2015 2014 Property, plant and equipment 8,91,667 6,51,918 Intangible assets 49,19,758 50,15,250 Investment in associate/ joint ventures 1,17,162 1,26,474 59,28,587 57,93,642 The total non-current assets of the company increased in 2015 indicating that the company invested in fixed assets and intangible assets. This proves that the company has invested keeping into consideration the long-term perspective. Moreover, the current percentage of non-current assets is 36.78% as compared to 33.03% in 2014 (Dyesol Ltd, 2016) Total current liabilities Current liabilities 2015 2014 Trade and other payables 20,72,710 19,14,705 Lease liabilities 1,07,404 - Borrowings 8,53,617 4,43,272 Provisions 5,04,116 3,94,277 Total current liabilities 35,37,847 27,52,254 The current liabilities of the company increased in 2015 indicating that the company has more obligations. This can be cited due to increase in the provisions, borrowings, lease liabilities, and other payables. In the year the 2014, the current liabilities percentage was seen at 43% that increased to 56.24%. Total non-current liabilities Total non-current liabilities 2015 2014 Other payables 86,934 - Lease liabilities 36,598 - Borrowings - 8,07,841 Provisions 3,00,907 2,99,990 Deferred tax liability 3,95,786 4,43,216 Total 8,20,225 15,51,047 The total non-current liabilities declined in the year 2015 and that can be attributed to the payment of borrowed funds. Further, a decline in the deferred tax liability even helped the lessening of the non-current liabilities. The percentage was 65.40% in the year 2014 that declined to 34.59% in 2015. Total stockholder equity Total stockholder equity 2015 2014 Contributed equity 1007,13,911 941,83,006 Reserves 69,00,934 63,10,656 Accumulated losses -958,60,688 -872,66,647 Non-controlling interest 3,332 7,156 Total 117,57,489 132,34,171 The stockholder equity declined in 2015 as compared to 2014 and this is due to increase in the accumulated losses. Moreover, the non-controlling interest has declined that leads to lower shareholder equity. It is not good news for the shareholders as they are not in the company that has declining shareholder equity. As compared to 2014 where the percentage stood at 53%, it fell to 47% in 2015. B. Stockholder equity Total stockholder equity 2015 2014 Contributed equity 1007,13,911 941,83,006 Reserves 69,00,934 63,10,656 Accumulated losses -958,60,688 -872,66,647 Non-controlling interest 3,332 7,156 Total 117,57,489 132,34,171 The contributed equity part increased in the year 2015 because Dyesol issued 33,333,333 shares to Tasnee for a whooping amount of $6 million in consideration of the subscription of the shares at $0.18 per share. The issue of shares led to an increment in the contributed equity part. Moreover, the accumulated losses enhanced in the year 2015 (Dyesol Ltd, 2016). Further, the decline in the part of the retained earnings led to severe fall in the stockholder equity part. This even led to decline in the total non-controlling interest that is visible in the notes to financial statement. In 2014, the total non-controlling stood at $7156 million while it was reduced to $3322 million in 2015. The stockholder equity percentage in 2014 stood at 53% while it was reduce to 47% in 2015. C. Statement of Profit or Loss Total Operating revenue Total operating revenues 2015 2014 Loss -120,79,686 -150,41,474 From the figures, it is clear that the company has incurred a loss. Operating revenue is the figure derived after the expenses are deducted from the gross profit. In this scenario, the loss has however declined in the year 2015. The loss percentage was 55.46% in the year 2014 that ultimately got reduced to 44.53% in 2015 (Dyesol Ltd, 2016). Cost of goods sold COGS 2015 2014 cost of goods sold -6,12,898 -3,63,738 The cost of goods sold figure is negative in the year 2014 and further increased in negative terms in 2015. A sharp increment in the cost of goods sold figure has been seen in the above case. Total expenses before income tax total expenses before income tax 2015 2014 Interest revenue 1,38,594 1,93,777 Other income 4,77,341 6,91,094 Technical expenses -68,14,703 -53,17,775 Administration and corporate expenses -51,08,378 -47,34,315 Impairment of intangible assets -66,732 -35,10,920 Marketing expenses -10,65,511 -9,11,179 Borrowing costs -74,886 -7,64,719 Intellectual property expenses -3,83,639 -4,13,957 Share of losses of associate/ joint ventures -9,312 -1,78,445 total -120,79,686 -150,41,474 The total expenses before income tax during the year 2014 was high in terms of negative numbers on the contrary it reduced in the year 2015. Other income declined and other major expenses were reduced that ultimately led to a sharp fall in the year 2015. It was 55.46% in the year 2014 and reduced to 44.53% in 2015. These expenses enable the business to conduct its operations in a smooth and fair manner (Deegan, 2012). Any non-operating gain or losses NO Earnings per common share Earnings per share 2015 2014 EPS 2.7cents 5cents The earnings per share of the company have fallen in 2015. It was 5 cents in 2014 but fell to 2.7 cents in 2015. The decline in the EPS indicates that the company was not able to match its cash flow as per the investors expectations. A decline in EPS hurts the sentiments of the investors and they become less interested (Christensen, 2011). D. Statement of Cash flow Net Cash inflow/outflow from operating activities Cash Flow used in operating activities 2015 2014 Net cash used in operating activities -76,36,808 -70,87,873 Percentage increase 51.86399624 48.1360038 Cash was used in operating activities in both the years. The receipts from customers have increased in the current year (Horngren, 2013). However, a new item that is interest paid came into picture. The percentage increment in the net cash used in operating activity projects that the company has conducted a strong business and hence, cash were used. In the year 2014, the percentage was 48.13% while increased to 51.86% in the year 2015. Net Cash inflow/outflow from financing activities Net Cash inflow/outflow from financing activities 2015 2014 Cash provided by financing activities 61,09,378 98,88,786 Cash flow from financing activities indicates that there has been a generation of cash from the financing activities (Davies Crawford, 2012). The company has received borrowing proceeds. However, it repaid a major chunk of the borrowing hence, there has been a decline in 2015. Further issue of share was of high value in 2014 that was less in 2015. In 2014, the percentage was 61.8 that ultimately were reduced to 38.18% in 2015. Overall, the scenario remained positive, as cash is provided by the activity (Dyesol Ltd, 2016). Net cash inflow/outflow from investing activities Net cash used in investing activities 2015 2014 Total 17,99,620 -28,06,134 Net cash is used in investing activities in the 2014 however; in 2015, there was usage of cash. In 2015, the scenario is not the same as 2014 owing to the fact that there was less payment in the year 2015. The equity investment was nil in 2015, no loans were provided to joint venture. However, in terms of percentage the investing activity proved to be of less intensity. Overall, the used up cash in investing activities projects that the company has invested the amount in activities that will help the business in attaining a better position and hence, this is a strong point for the company (Merchant, 2012). Net increase or decrease in cash during the year Net increase or decrease in cash during the year 2015 2014 Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents held 272190 -5221 In 2014 cash was used in the operations while in the year 2015, cash was generated during the year. This means that all the activities led to the cash generated and hence, it is positive for Dyesol as it has sufficient cash at the end. Conclusion From the above study, it is clear that Dyesol has not operated in optimum level. This can be well cited with the fact that the company has witnessed a reduction in the current assets on the contrary there has been an increment in the current liabilities that is not a valid combination for any company (Kaplan, 2011). This needs to be removed at the earliest. Moreover, the stockholder equity declined that reflects a mild situation for the company. The stockholder equity percentage in 2014 stood at 53% while it was reduce to 47% in 2015. Apart from this the profit and loss indicates the financial statement indicates that the company has incurred loss and hence it is not ideal. The earnings per share declined in 2015 that is a strong blow to the company and is not ideal for the purpose of investment because the shareholders are least interested in the company that has declining EPS as it projects weakness in the company (Brealey et. al, 2011). Moreover, the cash flow is not an ideal one and contains deficiencies. The importance of this study lies in the fact that the study is not dependent on any financial tools or techniques that will contain any deficiencies. It is done simply with the help of financial statements and with the help of percentage form in terms of comparison. Since, it is error free in nature, the result derived is free from any flaws. The result gathered from the above study for Dyesol is a clear cut eye opener for the management and hence, the management needs to have a proper emphasis and an in-depth look into the functioning else it will ruin the business as a whole (Brigham Daves, 2012). In all probability, the management should strive to produce a strong plan and implement in no time. Recommendation From the above finding, it is evident that the performance of the company is under immense difficulties as the financial statements represent a weakness. Moreover, some of the weakness persists in the major items and hence a worry for the entire stakeholder group. The company failed to post a favourable return and it has declining earnings per share that is the biggest negative point for the company (Graham Smart, 2012). The management needs to stress on the weakness point and try to improve the functioning of the company. Therefore, it is essential that the company should vouch for a strong management that will help in establishing a proper strategy that goes in the best interest of the company. However, to understand the total scenario in a better fashion, ratio analysis can be done that will represent a better picture and comparison will be in terms of numbers. This aids in differentiation and leads to a better understanding. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brigham, E. Daves, P 2012, Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage Brigham, E.F. Ehrhardt, M.C 2011, Financial Management: Theory and Practice, USA: Cengage Learning. Christensen, J 2011, Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Davies, T. and Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Deegan, C. M 2011, In Financial accounting theory, North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill. Dyesol Ltd 2016, Dyesol Ltd Annual Report 2015, viewed 6 September 2016, https://www.dyesol.com/media/wysiwyg/Documents/2015-asx-announcements/2015-08-28-2-DYE_Annual_Report_2015_signed.pdf Graham, J. and Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Kaplan, R.S 2011, Accounting scholarship that advances professional knowledge and Merchant, K. A 2012, Making Management Accounting Research More Useful, Pacific Accounting Review, vol. 24, no.3, pp. 1-34. practice, The Accounting Review, vol. 86, no.2, pp. 367383.